Pharmaceutical Analysis I

 
Pharmaceutical analysis:
			
	Definition and scope
			
	Different techniques of analysis
			
	Methods of expressing concentration
			
	Primary and secondary standards
			
	Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions (Oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulphate, sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate, and ceric ammonium sulphate) 
			
(b) Errors:
			
	Sources of errors
			
	Types of errors
			
	Methods of minimizing errors
			
	Accuracy, precision, and significant figures 
			
Pharmacopoeia
			
	Sources of impurities in medicinal agents
			
	Limit tests
			
•	Acid base titration:
			
	Theories of acid base indicators
			
	Classification of acid base titrations
			
	Theory involved in titrations of strong, weak, and very weak acids and bases
			
	Neutralization curves
			
•	Non aqueous titration:
				
	Solvents
				
	Acidimetry and alkalimetry titration
				
	Estimation of Sodium benzoate and Ephedrine HCl
				
•	Precipitation titrations:
					
	Mohr's method
					
	Volhard's method
					
	Modified Volhard's method
					
	Fajans method
					
	Estimation of sodium chloride
					
•	Complexometric titration:
				
	Classification
				
	Metal ion indicators
				
	Masking and demasking reagents
				
	Estimation of Magnesium sulphate and calcium gluconate
				
•	Gravimetry:
				
	Principle and steps involved in gravimetric analysis
				
	Purity of the precipitate (co-precipitation and post precipitation)
				
	Estimation of barium sulphate
				
•	Basic principles, methods, and application of diazotisation titration
•	Redox titrations:
				
	Concepts of oxidation and reduction
				
	Types of redox titrations (principles and applications), Cerimetry, Iodimetry, Iodometry, Bromatometry, Dichrometry
				
	Titration with potassium iodate
				
•	Electrochemical methods of analysis
				
	Conductometry:
				
	Introduction
				
	Conductivity cell
				
	Conductometric titrations
				
	Applications
				
•	Potentiometry:
				
	Electrochemical cell
				
	Construction and working of reference (Standard hydrogen, silver chloride electrode, and calomel electrode) and indicator electrodes (metal electrodes and glass electrode)
				
	Methods to determine end point of potentiometric titration
				
	Applications
				
•	Polarography:
				
	Principle
				
	Ilkovic equation
				
	Construction and working of dropping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electrode
				
	Applications